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Conditions and Types of Global Crises Affecting the Preparation and Implementation of Public Budgets (Iraq as a Case Study)
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Ali Mashhadi1   , Arshad Ali Sarakh2 |
1- Assistant Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran.
2- PhD Student of Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. |
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Abstract: (13 Views) |
| This article examines the conditions and types of global crises and their impact on the preparation and execution of public budgets, using Iraq as a case study. It analyzes the criteria that define a crisis as "global" and explores various forms of economic, political, and health-related crises, along with their financial and administrative consequences. The article addresses a central question: What are the conditions and types of global crises that affect the preparation and execution of public budgets, and how do these crises manifest within Iraq’s public budget? The study concludes that a crisis is considered global based on its geographic scope, the severity of its impact, and its capacity to influence a state’s economic and financial activities. Furthermore, it finds that economic crises lead to declining revenues and an increase in deficits and public debt; political crises necessitate a reprioritization of spending—often increasing security-related expenditures—while health crises require expanded spending on healthcare, social services, and digital infrastructure. The results indicate that the Iraqi budget is particularly vulnerable to external shocks due to its heavy reliance on oil revenues, a lack of resource diversification, and limited reserves. This underscores the need for flexible financial planning, the establishment of emergency funds, and continuous, effective oversight of extraordinary expenditures. |
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| Keywords: Global Crises, Public Budget, Economic Crisis, Political Crisis, Health Crisis, Iraq. |
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Full-Text [PDF 629 kb]
(7 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2026/11/5 | Accepted: 2026/09/24 | Published: 2026/09/24
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