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Cyber Espionage in the Criminal Policy of Iran and Afghanistan
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Qorban Fayyaz1   , Mohammad ali Haji dehabadi2 , Saeid Aatazada3 |
1- Ph.D Student of Criminal Law and Criminology, Al-Mustafa International University, Qom, Iran.
2- Haji dehabadi Member of Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Iran
3- Assistant Professor, University and Police Research Institute, Tehran, Iran |
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Abstract: (33 Views) |
Background and Aim: The present study, entitled “Cyber Espionage in the Criminal Policy of Iran and Afghanistan”, has been conducted with the aim of understanding, identifying the distinguishing and common aspects, and comparing the criminal policies of the two countries regarding cyber espionage.
Materials and Methods: The overarching research strategy is applied in terms of purpose, and analytical–descriptive in method of execution; data collection has been conducted through library-based research.
Ethical Considerations: All ethical principles have been followed in writing this article.
Findings: The findings of the study have been analyzed based on the researchers’ understanding of legal sources and texts relating to the criminal policies of the two countries. A comparative examination of the criminal policies of Iran and Afghanistan with respect to cyber espionage reveals the strengths and shortcomings of each, enabling the adoption of the strengths of one to remedy the weaknesses of the other.
Conclusion: The advantage of Iran’s criminal policy, compared with that of Afghanistan, lies in its precision and differentiation concerning the criminal dimension of the cyber espionage offense. Specifically, it distinguishes between: an individual who merely gains access to classified information, an individual who delivers such information to unauthorized persons, and an individual who delivers such information to foreigners or enemies, and assigns punishments commensurate with the nature of the committed offense. In contrast, Afghanistan’s criminal policy imposes a uniform punishment on all such individuals without differentiation. A strength of Afghanistan’s criminal policy is that it distinguishes espionage committed during wartime from espionage committed under normal circumstances. A common deficiency in the criminal policies of both countries is the lack of attention to the criminalization and penal dimension concerning accomplices and accessories to the offense of cyber espionage |
Article number: 4 |
| Keywords: Cyber Espionage, Cyberspace, Penal Policy. |
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Full-Text [DOCX 53 kb]
(15 Downloads)
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Type of Study: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/04/1 | Revised: 2025/10/3 | Accepted: 2025/04/14 | Published: 2025/10/3
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